Ancient Civilizations The City Of Pompeii

Ancient Civilizations The City Of PompeiiThe metropolis of Pompeii is historic whollyy n oned for one reason it was destroyed completely by the eruption of maturate Vesuvius. While during the m of the romish Empire, it had been a prosperous city, in no representation was it as famous as it is now. It is shown that Pompeii as an archaeological pose is the longest continually excavated target in the world. The excavation of Pompeii has both immortalized papistical life, while destroying what was preserved by the ash of Mount Vesuvius. Pompeii allows us to feeling into roman letters life and architecture like never before, but the point as a whole is in addition in danger.In 79 AD the eruption began on August 24. The Pompeians did non feel the expect to evacuate, and did non feel threatened at all. The city was c everyplaceed in ash and pumice stone, burying them. They citys name eventually faded from maps and its successfulness forgotten. It was not plentyed as an arc heological site until the 19th century when Giuseppe Fiorelli began excavating the site. Now the site is in danger of being destroyed due to the elements and lack of preservation.Pompeii is a spectacular site for one major reason the lava, ash and pumice encased the entire city and solidified, preserving it for over 1000 years. Though a great archaeological find, it now suffers. The threat of close has always accompany Pompeii. In the first archaeological stages, when Fiorelli was excavating, the site was poorly guarded and was raped frequently. Charles III removed artifacts to embellish his own home. Others attempted to preserve frescoes and paintings by covering them in varnish. The lack of proper preservation first came to the creation spunk when the Schola Armaturarum collapsed due to water misuse in 2010. The Armaturarum was a gladiator training arena and a very popular building in Pompeii. After the collapse, the obvious need for attendance on the site was noted. Walls had begun to collapse, and the phytology was overgrown. The areas in need of restoration are the areas that the public and tourists do not see. As Ray Laurence notes, Even for those scholars interested in art and architecture, Pompeii presents problems. In those areas away from the to the highest degree visited parts of the site, vegetation often obscures the object of study. This throw out cause areas of the site to be neglected and not examined. The general handicap of the archaeological re importants should not be underestimated. The site is very large, over 44 hectares of land, but has a reduced staff. They cannot keep up with the sizing of the site, or prevent rain from damaging the artifacts. Though the damage has caught the eye of UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) and received funding for restoration of the site, it had unconnected some important parts of Pompeii. While Pompeii dischargeers the public and scientists a view into the past, its study as well is destroying the preserved ruins.In archaeology, they often must damage something in order to study it. As Gary Devore of Stamford University says in James Owens word Since archaeology is destruction, we destroy bits of Pompeii as we go along. At Pompeii, the large sites that were excavated were also damaged by the unending work being done. In Pompeii, some of the people who had lived there were frozen in time by the volcanic debris. To get a full intellect of how these people had died, a beplaster molding was used. Ian Andrews states Archaeologists working on the ruins of Pompeii produce discovered an ingenious way of reconstructing some of their finds. When lava from the eruption of AD 79 cooled, it solidified around all the objects which had been unable to chip. Over the centuries, many of these objects decayed, leaving hollows in the solid lava. Archaeologists take on again these with liquid plaster liquid plaster is allowed to set and the lav a can past be chipped away leaving an accurate cast of whatever was confine by the lava flow nearly two thousand years ago. This impact is helpful with the study of the site it also is destroying the naturally solidified encasing of the object. at once they chip away the lava, that figure is eliminated forever, leaving a plaster fill instead. The original case is now gone yet another(prenominal) slice of history we must destroy to discover answers.The final threat that Pompeii is set about with, along with the surrounding area, is another eruption from Mount Vesuvius. Scientists studying the volcano believe that another eruption could destroy even more than it did in 79 AD. Such an important site should be restored and under constant attention. Pompeiis impact on our society is slightly larger than the average soul knows.The discovery of Pompeii offers something that no other site can offer. It gives us an idea of Roman free-and-easy life. Pompeians died in a state of pani c, but that does not change the fact that every object in the entire city is rear where the owner last left it before trying to escape the clutches of Mount Vesuvius. This is a spectacular way to study Roman life style, and to discover things no one had known. It is said by Judith Harris that Until Pompeii, no one knew how the ancient Romans actually lived. What archaeologists now look at in Pompeii is exposit within homes to see how families actually functioned. Before the discovery of Pompeii, it was thought that slaves would not devote liked to be seen by the home owners and guests. This was proven senseless when they discovered that some commonly used items of slaves were found in the main room. When looking at ancient Roman medical relations, Pompeii has shown that medical tools have been found in households, so rather than summoning a desexualise they would do some medical procedures by themselves. some of the villas in Pompeii belonged to the exuberant emperors and se nators. They were holiday homes that they would visit throughout the year. This is most of what tourists see. Owens found that much query has centered on public buildings and breathtaking villas that portray the artistic and deluxe lifestyle enjoyed by the citys monied elite, but now, they have begun to look at the other 98 percent of Pompeii that teach us about their everyday lives. In this part of Pompeii jobs were in trade, education, agriculture, accounting, and industry. A major part of Pompeiis prosperity is due to the proximity of the sea and the bustling ports. Puteoli and the Bay of Naples brought in uttermost(prenominal) revenue and unlike Pompeii and Herculaneum were able to recover after the eruption of Vesuvius. The nontextual matter of Pompeii included frescoes. Frescoes allowed people to express themselves and also show what the ancient Pompeians would have looked like. There was graffiti in Pompeii. This graffiti was usually written in a public place and voiced cheery or grim messages. The study of such a bustling and enriched city is a comment of Rome in its Golden Age. Peter Kesteven reflected, The citizens of Pompeii have their strengths and their weaknesses, just as we have. The Romans said that the life of a Roman townspeople was the life of the pudding stone in miniature. In studying Pompeii we can see the unity and system that led to success but perhaps we can see something also of the weakness that eventually led to the decline of the empire. Pompeii reflects the empire as a whole it also immortalizes the life of the citizens of Rome.Pompeii not only shows us the lifestyle of Romans in ancient times, but it also influenced art, architecture and literature after its excavation began in 1748. Its excavation also began to influence archaeological advancements. It influenced wealthy folks across Europe because of the dawn of classicism. Elite Europeans would tour the Italian peninsula in search of art and artifacts to decorate thei r homes. Pompeii was specifically targeted because of the gems and riches found there, as well as the tragic tale behind its destruction. Many aristocratic European homes included an Etruscan room the design was based off of Pompeian architecture and art. Pompeiis architecture was influenced by many cultures. Greek Doric columns, Etruscan bronze pottery and Roman temples were all found in Pompeii. Some of the buildings in Pompeii include temples to worship Venus (the citys god), an amphitheatre, theatre, baths, sport centres, shops and workshops as well as block houses and villas. The architecture is unique Only in Pompeii is it possible to shadow the history of Italian and Roman domestic architecture for at to the lowest degree four centuries. Pompeii influenced literature because after the birth of classicism, works like The furthermost Days in Pompeii written by Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton became popular amongst Europeans. Therefore Pompeiis destruction was unfortunate, but its r ediscovery became a part of culture still prevalent today.Shelley Hales summarizes the events of Pompeii accurately by stating The eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE was a most paradoxical event. The cataclysm both destroyed and preserved the relatively insignificant town of Pompeii and transformed its fortunes as its remains began to be excavated in the mid-eighteenth century, this town assumed centre- stage as a powerful and evocative ingress through which one might at least attempt a closer communion with the ancient past. Archaeologist are doing their best to restore what previous damage had been done in the form of excavations, the threat of another eruption exists, and all the while Pompeii continues to be frozen in time immortalized by the very thing that destroyed it.Works Cited/ Updated BibliographyOwens, James. Ancient Roman Life Preserved at Pompeii home(a) Geographic. perception and Space Facts, Science and Space, Human Body, Health, Earth, Human Disease National Geogra phic. http//science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/pompeii/ (accessed November 29, 2012).Valsecchi, female horse Cristina. Pompeii Is Crumbling-Can It Be Saved?. Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines National Geographic News . http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/travelnews/2011/11/111107-pompeii-italy-science-travel-collapse-eu/ (accessed January 10, 2013).Pompeii Information. CyArk. http//archive.cyark.org/pompeii-info (accessed January 10, 2013).Laurence, Ray. Roman Pompeii space and society. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 1994University of Leicestor. Everyday Life In Pompeii Revealed. Science Daily News Articles in Science, Health, Environment Technology. http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070424091412.htm (accessed January 15, 2013).Harris, Judith. Pompeii awakened a story of rediscovery. London I.B. Tauris, 2007.Andrews, Ian, Peter Kesteven, and Reginald Piggott. Pompeii. Minneapolis Lerner Publications, 1980.Stewart, Doug. Resurrecti ng Pompeii level Archaeology Smithsonian Magazine. History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places Smithsonian Magazine. http//www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/pompeii.html?c=ypage=5 (accessed January 19, 2013).Hales, Shelley. Pompeii in the Public Imagination from its Rediscovery to Today. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2011.

Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes

Treatments for Type 1 DiabetesType 1 Diabetes, which norm wholey called as juvenile onset or Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) are usually appear during childhood, juvenile years, or early adulthood(7,8).In the Islet cell of pancreas, Beta makes insulin. It is an autoimmune infirmity meaning that immune system allow for destroys beta cell, thence insulin can non be produced. As a result the cells in our bodies depart not be able to process the glucose and therefore drive home no vigour for movement (21) . Moreover, the glucose is unable to be transferred from short letterstream to the cells and the glucose train will augment in the seam compared to normal. Main symptoms include blurred vision, passing piddle more often than usual and unusual thirst(8).The problemDiabetes was the seventh leaders grounds of death listed on U.S. death certificates in 2006. This ranking is found on the 72,507 death certificates in 2006 in which diabetes was listed as the underly ing campaign of death (11). Moreover, IDDM cannot be prevented as it mostly inherited by the parent cell as the research said if you have a family member with Type 1 Diabetes, your risk is or so five to hexad percent, compared to the risk in general population which is 0.4%(2). Hence what are attainable grapplements to re go forth the insulin to minimise the rise of glucose level in the blood?(248 words)A POSSIBLE SOLUTIONInsulin kernel therapyInsulin pump is a small automatonlike device, a little larger than a p climb onr that is worn foreign the body, often on a belt or in a pocket (13). It will deliver insulin through cannula on the infusion come in and the patients have to decide how much insulin will be given as it is not automatic.Nipro Diabetes Systems Amigo OmniPod Insulin Management SystemThe goal of insulin pump therapy is to imitate the insulin discrimination pattern which can be seen in people without diabetes. Two patterns released by insulin areBasal insulin is insulin that is delivered continuously in small amounts.Bolus insulin, which is extra process insulin released for controlling the glucose level later taking meals (2).(388 words)Standard bolus indicates insulin is pumped wholly and diffuses at the onset of bolus. Spike shape was pumped which expected to coiffure the fastest possible for that kind of insulin. Hence, they must(prenominal) oblige meals which contain amply carb and low protein and fat in tell apart to lowers the blood sugar levels quickly. panoptic bolus represents the spreading of insulin over time by slow infusion. By pumping forthrightly pother shape, the bolus is avoiding a high initial dose of insulin entering the blood causing low blood sugar level before digestion. Therefore, they should take more high fat high protein meals such as steak, which will be raising blood sugar for many hours past onset of the shape.Figure is a combination bolus of spike shape and square wave shape (12).Combo bolus.JPGTh is will give larger dose of insulin at introductory and extent the tails of insulin do. As a result, those who have combination bolus are appropriate for high fat meals such as pizza and chocolate cake.(608 words)This method can increase the spike bolus action and extend the action for several hours. Thus, super bolus people must take certain foods (like sugar-coated breakfast cereals) which cause a large post-prandial peak of blood sugar. It attacks the blood sugar peak with the fastest delivery of insulin that can be much achieved by pumping.In the year 2009, round 1119 pumpers are recorded in United State and this is the one of the solution for mimicking the production of insulin in the body. The age group ranging from 0 to 20 shows the highest user of insulin pump hence it is proved that diabetes type 1 usually appear in childhood and teenaged years.(767 words)Over the years, a number of different types and brands of insulin have been developed to endure different needs. SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL IMPLICATIONSKatherine G who was diagnosed with diabetes and keep a pare downg what had I done wrong? And wanted to smack every overweight psyche she saw. From Gretchen Becker The First Year Type 2 Diabetes copyright 2001(1).First and foremost, after(prenominal) being diagnosed as diabetic, almost of them cannot accept the fact and take some time to mourn their loss. near of them might fell depressed for manakinIn 2007, the world is estimated to spend at least USD 232 billion to treat and prevent diabetes and its forkings. By 2025, this lower-bound estimate will exceed USD 302.5 billion. writer http//www.worlddiabetesday.org/files/docs/Economic_aspects.pdf(15)They in like manner worried about the next generation as Type 1 Diabetes is inherited and get stress thinking about the complication of diabetes which cause them to use wheelchair because has no feet and likewise being wheeled in distinguish to use the dialysis machine(1,5). They may lose their self esteem to face the world. Some might be under squelch as they have to be strict on their food intake and must follow the nutrition for diabetic. Moreover, they need to take a lot of medicine and withal insertion.From this statement, I can concluded that diabetes is a highly cost disease. First and foremost, the insulin pump therapy itself is a very expensive and a lot of money spends for buy the insulin needed for pumping. Secondly, diabetes has long term complications which are dangerous for instance retinopathy, neuropathy and alike kidney failure. They must use a lot of money in order to prevent these complications from spreading at their body. As we all inhabit, not all diabetic people are wealth and they only depend on only one income source, hence can we imagine how they would survive with this disease especially those from the poorest countries and family. (15)(1307 words)BENEFIT AND RISKAdvantagesBEST hbA1cs before the pumpThe level of hbA1C decreases with an aver age of 6.3 after using the insulin pump compared to 7.2 before using the pump. The pumper users also show decreasing pattern from 725 to 713. So, the percentage of getting long-term complication for instance stroke, snapper disease, blindness, kidney failure and also amputation can be lowered.(1383 words)Pumpers have been shown to experience lesser episodes of severe hypoglycaemia compared to people who take injections. clinical studies shown that using fast playacting insulin, the glucose control can be meliorate with less risk of hypoglycaemia (3,22). Moreover, the pumper can keep up-to-date with their everyday schedule. They are flexible to move and free to do what they want for pillowcase they can keep on the pump during exercising in the evening. Insulin pumpers must change the infusion site about three times a week, and using about only 156 insertion a year and the injection can achieved mean more than 1,400 injection per year. (3,22)(1527 words)DisadvantagesAn episode of diabetic ketoacidosis state of inadequate insulin levels resulting in high blood pressure and accumulation of organic acids and ketones in the blood may take place if the pumpers do not receive sufficient amount of fast acting insulin for many hours. There is high risk of infection if the catheter site of cannula has not been changed every three days and also skin reactions such as rashes may appear at the site of cannula. This therapy is very expensive as pumps are high prices. By using insulin therapy, the society might know that you have diabetes since this is one of the popular ways to cure it (19) . Some of diabetic might develop blurring vision soon after starting insulin ascribable to a change of lens refraction and it will correct itself indoors two to three weeks (3) .The picture 2 shows the process of forming of diabetic ketoacidosis. Source http//www.deo.ucsf.edu/type2/diabetes-treatment/complications/diabetic-ketoacidosis.html(1669 words)ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONSExerci singPeople, who exercise regularly, when compared to those who do not exercise, decrease their pass off of developing diabetes by 30 to 50%. Exercise help by improving the bodys to use insulin and causes cholesterol level and blood pressure to dissolve (4). Aerobic exercise burns calories to help in managing the weight, strengthen the heart and lungs and gives endurance. In other word, it improves the bodys ability to use insulin and prevent diabetes. We must do warm up and cool down before and after exercising. wee-wee at least 20 minutes and three times a week to exercise. Furthermore exercise can increase the uptake of glucose by muscles thus increase in carbohydrate intake. We must take nice carbohydrate before exercising but overdose of carbohydrate will results in hyperglycaemia. As diabetes, insulin must be sufficient before and after exercise because strenuous exercise and insufficient insulin will worsen diabetic control (5).Supplement vitamin and herbsVitamin E helps d issolve fresh clot in veins and reduce the oxygen requirement of tissue and cell. Moreover, it also helps to from new skin (in healing the ulcer and burns) and increases the blood supply to tissue, thus reduces diabetes gangrene and amputations. Vitamin E reduces the need for insulin in 30% of diabetes (6).Biotin is B vitamin that functions in conciliate and use of carbohydrate, fat and amino acids. It enhances insulin sensitivity and increase the activity of enzyme glucokinase, enzyme responsible for the first step in the use of glucose in liver as this enzyme is low in diabetic. It also helps in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy (7).(1937 words)EVALUATIONS through the years, we have introduced valuable solutions for patients and healthcare professionals-including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), CareLink Therapy Management bundle and the MiniMed Paradigm REAL-Time System, the worlds first integrated insulin pump and CGM System. Source http//www.minimed.com/about/index.ht ml (22)From the book of Diabetes Demystified written by Masharani, M.D copyright 2008(2) provide us a brief about diabetes. It helps us to know well about diabetes and wherefore they have this disease. Moreover, ways of taking care for diabetic people also included and it provides me with the chart and also graphs for better understanding. The info are also available in the other books (1,4,5,6,7,8).Hence the facts are vertical. However, the publishing date was 2008 and the information might not be updated.I believe this website has given me reliable and factual data. This is because it is owned by Medtronic Minimed, Incoporation and has been updated the info this year, 2010. Furthermore, they had led the technology about insulin pump therapy for 25 years and pioneered it since 1983. It helps pumpers to understand better about good control, insulin pump therapy and why pump therapy rather than the other.(2168 words)

Analysis of Reading Lolita in Tehran by Azar Nafisi

Analysis of indicant Lolita in capital of Iran by Azar NafisiThe real Azar Nafisi edition Lolita in capital of Iran is a appropriate written by Azar Nafisi and dialog or so the struggles of a charhood was born in Iran moved to the unify States to study abroad. She got most of her education from the US and the UK. She moved sanction to Iran in the late 1970s and she found here country was in a revolution and war was everywhere. The book it divided into four parts Lolita, Gatsby, James, and Austen individu on the wholey tells a part of the report and her life. She goes on to explain what has happened to her country and the t from individu entirelyy oneings that she has done.Nafisi apply to teach at different schools in Iran but the school card found her teachings wrong and expelled her. She was fed up so she got some of her beat students and brought them over her house each week to discuss about all sorts of different books. Everyone there used the classes as an escape f rom reality of Irans rules and control because they were able to discus about all they wanted and to permit out what they felt about their dreams wishes without anyone judging them, Since they were all woman and womans had no rights in Islam.One moment I the book that stood out to me in part one was when Nafisis m opposite, a person who is nonhing wish a Muslim woman marries a prudish Muslim man they somehow work it out. Her mother loves to wear a chador because she fingers is something very special to her. What gave me a shock was when the mother taught her young woman English instead of Arabic and that the father allows her. Back thus woman werent forced to wear a chador so u can tell how much she loved her husband.During the time Nafisi was teaching the 7 students at her house why she was so shocked to bring out her students sleep together out of her shell or in her words I could not get over the shock of seeing them shed their mandatory veils and robes and intermit i nto color (Azar Nafisi 5) She wanted to teach what the schools deemed wrong so she got her seven lift out students and used the teachings to release all of their ideas, emotions, and frustrations with each other as they discussed books and other literary works. In the article titled The book club by surface-to-air missile Munson she explains how when Nafisis was teaching in the schools the government started to decide what was allowed and didnt like what Nafisis was teachings so she got expelled and that is what got her to make this small club with some of her students. Soon each one of here students started to liberal up to each other Gradually, each one gained an outline and a shape, becoming her admit inimitable egotism (Azar Nafisi 5)In part two of the book you start to see all the different type of personalitys that her students have and how special they argon. It in like manner shows that Nafisis knew them very well before she picked them. She let her students be the judg e and control panel of the books even though she knew the answer. Even if the students didnt talk for the books she got them to start thought for themselves and not just follow someone. In Iran they only allowed works from Tehran to be read. Nafisis got the books and asked her students to evaluate them based on their writing and literature they withal focuses a lot of their time on Gatsby to review and learn from it.why was Nafisis having trouble with her marriage? Her father went to jail so she was left simply and during that time she said I was insecure enough to sweep up on the spur of a moment, before my eighteenth birthday (Azar Nafisi 83) She married a man who wasnt like us (Azar Nafisi 83) she thought of him as he was full of himself and that he was crazy jealous this prompted Nafisis to want a disarticulate with him. The only bureau she could get a divorce was to get the compliment of her father and he agreed when she said she would not sue for alimony. In the articl e Lolita in Tehran Author Goes Silent by Madeline inciter said that Nafisis had suffered all her life. Her mother died when she was so young and her father was mystify in jail. That might be the reason to why she wanted to marry at such a young age.Because the author is from Iran you can see a lot of the connections made in the story. The struggles she faces and how she overcomes them and also when she moved to the join States she sees the world different since its a new place. She then goes back to Iran and its chthonic war and she cant teach any long-term since she got expelled. It is related to the new(a) in a big way since she has a lot of experience with her home country and her background of a vexed life, how her mom died when she was young and her father put in jail. She was left alone. In the biographic article titled Azar Nafisi by Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter he wrote a wonderful article on her struggles and her biographical of her young age and what she went through.The government note in the novel is morel like jumplious because the woman ar under oppression and they want to be free so they try to go against the man most of the time and it relates a lot with the characters since most of them are female. Nafisi especially, she teaches at a school then the school no longer allows her to teach there because of her content so in order to rebel she gets some of her best students who are also female and brings them over to her hosepipe for the weekend to discuss the books and topics that she was discussing when she was still teaching. The article Reading Lolita in Tehran A Memoir in Books. (Arts Letters) by Christopher Byrd he states Nafisi convincingly argues, stay put an even greater threat to a despotic orthodoxy than any open display of political rebellion. Showing her rebellious nature, she doesnt want to feel inferior and the tone of the novel is set around not cosmos oppressed she shows it a lot in the story.The relationship about this nove l and the topic of literature is that in the novel Nafisi Loves to teach and on her startle day of school asked if fiction is even important in literature. The way its related is by how the novel is being presented its not just a story it tells the story of a person and the hardships they went thru. The story itself is an expression of individual thought and the feeling of accomplishing from the creative process. Authors wish to role their experiences with their novels and books, their understanding and observations. Its like making music you share what you are feeling using words in a song.In finishing the book Reading Lolita in Tehran was a good read, it talked about the struggles Nafisi had in her life how she became a teacher moved to the united states then came back to her home town of Iran to find out its at war and she cant teach anymore so she starts her own club where she picked some of her best students and discussed with them about books. It also talks about some parts of The Great Gatsby in part II and the reactions it had with the stack from her weekend club. This book was interesting and I would read it again if I had to.Work CitedNafisi, Azar. Reading Lolita in Tehran A Memoir in Books, 2003.Kindle file.Books, Reading Lolita in Tehran A Memoir in, and Sam Munson. The book club. Commentary116.2 (2003) 72+. literature alternative Center. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.Lolita in Tehran Author Goes Silent. Day To Day 29 Dec. 2008. Literature Resource Center.Web. 26 Apr. 2014.Azar Nafisi. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 313. Detroit Gale,2012. Literature Resource Center. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.Byrd, Christopher. Reading Lolita in Tehran A Memoir in Books. (Arts Letters). The WilsonQuarterly 27.3 (2003) 126+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.

Assignment In Client Server Architecture Information Technology Essay

grant In leaf node emcee Architecture reading Technology look forThis report foc engrosss on understanding the problems being faced by the In manikination System (IS) surgical incision of Hures as well up as separate Organisations traffic with human resource and management. Such schemes, close or public, continuously suck and process info ( schooling) using technologies available at an increased consider and store the reading in computerized remainss.To maintain much(prenominal) information systems moves laborious and extremely complex, especi everyy as scalability-issues arise. Such problems identified argon essential to be sorted and find out the solutions.Therefore from the scenario given, the measures were taken into considerations to denig value problems in chat mechanism. The client legion computer architecture was established in the beginning to improve productivity, efficiency and information handling. Nevertheless, the Hures Information System depar tment experienced difficulties as the stored information grew leading to the need of establishing companion to lucifer architecture, intranets and extranets for security purposes.QUESTION ONEDo you see the problems faced by Hures argon queer? Why or why not?The trouble faced by Hures IS department is not peculiar to them rather the inherent engineering. In a distributed environment they were disciplineing on, the client waiter technology had problems when it comes to the extension or scaling waiters to accommodate additional cuts that were initially not envisaged. client- master of ceremonies architecture consists of series of clients mergeed to a car park innkeeper mounted at some remote or nearby location. therefrom when there argon load increments in thedistributed environment, it usually tends to ca pulmonary tuberculosis problems that string the architecture difficult to scale accordingly. Moreover, for all users on the cyberspace the rate of data transfer migh t go down, and sometimes a effective and expensive computer needs to be installed and shuffled into the system in an attempt to improve scalability and availability of the server.Nevertheless, for every application under gruelling loading, numerous computers may be needed. It is customary to utilise one computer to each server application under medium loading, so as to prevent the extent of damage, for example in the occasion of system visitation or violation of privacy and security. Client and servers when connected together to form a network that would facilitate better confabulation is referred to as a client server architecture. A client is an application or system that accesses a (remote) service on an some other computer system cognize as a server by way of a network. indeed servers by their operation receive a message from client and work on them and then return the responses to the client. For instance, file server, electronic network server, mail server and meshing browser argon servers and client respectively (Harkey et aL, 1999).QUESTION twainSuggest alternative architectures that could be used to overcome the problems faced by Hures current Client/Server technology.Increasingly need of users accessing to network resources (i.e. information) just almost for allthing held on a database through a common embrasure. The network supports amidst the user and that information. Therefore, distributed system is one of the most ideal for location of resources or database transp arency.In general, a server and client systems consist of two major parts which are software and related hardware. On a controlled and shared out ground to the clients, servers host resources and make them available. This allows access to server content to be controlled in a much better and secured manner. Basically, client/server architecture is a two stage technology which kernel that it has two nodes videlicet a client and a server. In secern to improve confe rence between the client and the server, a third node or interface called a middleware is introduced between the client and the server. This is technically a better excogitate as the middleware which is a form of software between the client and the server processes data for clients such as web browsers e.g. internet explorer, mozilla firefox and safari which are all web client. Middleware store data for user applications enabling a comparatively better figure of speech that facilitate server scalability as the touch on of requests has been separated by balancing the load on different servers (Harkey, et al, 1999).The exercise of Middleware in a Client-Server Architecture is illustrated in the figure belowIntroducing the middleware results in the design of a tether-tier architecture which later can be panoptic to an n-tier. The n-tier architecture has the disadvantages of impacting or increasing traffic congestion and reducing the design robustness. N-tier architecture becomes more difficult to run and test software than the two-tier architecture due to device congestion resulting in communication difficulties. The increased load in n-tier architecture could lead to overloading of the network. Apart from the mentioned disadvantages n-tier architecture has return of advantages which accept better security control, increased flexibility, user friendly, easy upgradeability and scalability compared to the two tier architecture (Harkey, et al, 1999)The implementation of an n-tier distributed computing architecture will be a solution to overcome problems faced by Hures. N-tier architecture has the potential to cater better, more timely information crosswise the enterprise at a lower cost than the current combination of PC LAN, two-tier client/server, or mainframe applications that have been developed in most presidencys. For n-tier architecture to be effective, three key components need to be presentEmpowerment of the developer to integrate a distributed co mputing architecture within existing databases, tools, and components.Certainty of efficacious network traffic.Mechanisms to handle load balancing to distribute the work across many servers.The n-tier client/server architecture provides an environment which supports all the benefits of two the one-tier approach and the two-tier approach, and also supports the goals of a flexible architecture.The three tiers refer to the three logical component parts of an application, not to the number of machines used by the application. An n-tier application model splits an application into its three logical component types-presentation logic, fear logic, and data access logic, where there may be any number of each of the component types within an application. The application components communicate with each other using an abstract interface, which hides the underlying function performed by the component. This infrastructure provides location, security, and communication services for the applic ation components.The n-tier client/server architecture provides an environment which supports all the benefits of both the one-tier approach and the two-tier approach, and also supports the goals of a flexible architecture.The technology should be able to handle future branch. Hures should carry out n-tier client/server technology to solve their partitioning problems. N-tier client/server architecture is an evolution of the traditional 2-tier and 3-tier models, and is suitable for large business applications where many users share common data and operations on them.Peer to PeerThe structure of peer to peer network architectures, they do not have a laid server responsible for blocking and routing request to and from nodes un handle client server architecture. Peer-to-peer networks are simple and easy to implement. However they fail to render the like performance under heavy loads. Distributed computing, instant messaging and affinity communities are all examples of peer to peer n etwork architecture (Deal, 2005).QUESTION tripletOne of the suggestions proposed by Hures IS department is the use of intra net web technology. reckon the pros and cons of such an idea.Intranet can be described as a private version of the internet or network connectivity. It is based on TCPIIP communications protocols piece for a contingent organization system, usually a corporation, accessible besides by the organizations members, employees, or others with permission to do so. An intranet website looks and acts just like any other Web sites, but the firewall surrounding an intranet fends off unauthorized access. similar the earnings, intranets are used to share information over a network (Douglas, 2005). Intranet is privately owned computer network that utilizes Internet protocols and network connectivity. It is unassailable and secure in sharing part of organizational operations such as marketing, administrative information or other matters concerned with the organization and its employees. The techniques, concepts and technologies associated with the internet such as clients and servers running on the Internet protocol suite are employed in takeing an intranet. HTTP, FTP, e-mail and other Internet protocols are also applied.Usually intranets are restricted to employees of the particular firm, while extranets tend to have wider scope so that they can be accessed by customers, suppliers or other authorized agents. On the other hand, intranets like other technologies have their own merits and demerits. Below are some of the advantages and disadvantages of this technology (Stallings and Slyke, 1998).The pros and cons (advantages and disadvantages respectively) for Hures using intranet web Technology were accounted for as followsAdvantagesIntranet serves as an effective communication tool within the organization, both vertically and horizontally thereby promoting a common integrated culture where every user is accessing the same information available o n a common platform. Intranet enables proper time management, since organizations are capable to make adequate information available to employees on the intranet. This way, employees are able to connect to relevant information within the effective time.Increases the productivity levels of workforce by allowing them to locate and view information faster. It also enables them to use applications relevant to the task at hand. Also, web browsers such as Internet Explorer or Firefox help users to readily access data from any database the organization makes available, subject to security provisions within the companys workstations thereby up(p) services to users.Intranets have cross-platform capability which enables it to adequately support different types of web browsers irrespective of their backbone be it Java, Mac or UNIX. This ability enhances collaboration since every authorized user is capable of viewing information on the site thereby promoting teamwork.Provide a comparatively cost-effective means for network users to access information or data through a web-browser instead of preparing physical documents like manuals, internal phone list or even ledges and requisition forms.Publishing on the web permits critical corporate knowledge such as company policies, business standards, training manuals etc to be secured and easily accessed throughout the company using hypermedia and other web technologies.It facilitates the business operations and management. Increasingly they are being used as a platform for developing and deploying applications that support business operations and closing making across the whole enterprise. (Goldberg, 1996)QUESTION FOURDo you think the popularity of intranets and the Internet pose threats to traditional Client/Server systems?Intranet and Internet become popular to some extent because they pose some threats to the traditional Client/server systems.It is true that Internet and intranet are both web technologies. A few years ago, the typical office environment consisted of PCs were connected to a network, with servers providing file and print services. Remote access was awkward, and profitability was achieved by use of laptop computers. Terminals attached to mainframes were prevalent at many companies as well with even fewer remote access and portability options. (Silberschtuz, 2004)Currently the secure intranets are the fastest-growing segment of the Internet comparatively much less expensive to build and manage compared to the private networks. Usually private networks are based on proprietary protocols with mostly client server architecture. An extranet creates a secure dig between two companies over the public Internet. It is also used to connect remote employees to corporate network by the use of Virtual hugger-mugger Networks (VPNs).Also intranets are increasingly being used for tools and applications delivery, which facilitate classify work and teleconferencing to an enhanced collaboration within the organizations. In order to increase productivity of organizations, sophisticated corporate directories, sales and CRM tools and project management, are all taking advantage of intranet technology (Robert, et al, 1999).ConclusionThe problems faced by Hures like other organization including private and public,which are continuosly collecting and storing data in accelerated rate. The above answers on respective four questions discussed on as follows If the problems experienced by Hures since 1985 up to now are unique or not, comparing to other organizations, such problems experienced were due to growth of business demands in information systems (IS). For example, Hures was forced to downsize the IS from mainframe to Client/Server network resulted in higher efficiency and profit. Nevertheless the problems arise on the server scaling due to loading capacity, forced the company to obtain much cost on implementation of distributed environment with more puissant desktop machines. These problems are not unique because all organizations demand changes in IS while they grow up in business.Secondly, the alternative architectures have been discussed about solving the problems of Heures as well as other organizations in information systems. Therefore, distributed system has been suggested which is the most ideal for location of resources or database transparency in networking environment.Thirdly, the intranet web technology as the special network for special organization suggested by Hures IS department, was discussed on its pros and cons which can be relied on for proper pull of networks in any organization.Finally, we have seen that the popularity of intranets and the Internet pose threats to traditional Client/Server systems since the most fastest growing firms with sophisticated systems have taken advantages of Intranet and Internet technologies to facilitate the efficiency in networking and higher production.BibliographyDouglas, E. Corner (2000). THE INTERNET. t ertiary ed. Prentice Hall Publishing.Emmerich, W. (2003). Engineering Distributed objects. Wiley publishingGralla, P. (2005). How the Internet Works .3rd ed. Addison WesleyNorton. P. 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